[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/ach-ty-chromozomy\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/ach-ty-chromozomy\/","headline":"Ach ty chromozomy","name":"Ach ty chromozomy","description":"
 Mo\u017en\u00e1 si je\u0161t\u011b ze \u0161koly pamatujete, \u017ee d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1 informace neboli DNA je zabudov\u00e1na do chromozom\u016f, co\u017e jsou dvou\u0161roubovice, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed komplex s\u00a0proteiny. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fd druh je typick\u00fd jin\u00fd po\u010det chromozom\u016f. Lid\u00e9 jich maj\u00ed celkem 23 p\u00e1r\u016f. Jeden\u00e1ct p\u00e1r\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed chromozomy somatick\u00e9, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed spojitost s\u00a0pohlav\u00edm, a jeden p\u00e1r ur\u010duje pohlav\u00ed. Rozli\u0161ujeme pohlavn\u00ed chromozomy […]","datePublished":"2019-02-27","dateModified":"2023-05-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/baa231f7e1963b29d6549eb0e137b049d877d4e97c51386f463c7d4fc98329bd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/baa231f7e1963b29d6549eb0e137b049d877d4e97c51386f463c7d4fc98329bd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"ledeo.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a337122_w2936_t1550349298.png","url":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a337122_w2936_t1550349298.png","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/ach-ty-chromozomy\/","about":["Technika"],"wordCount":433,"articleBody":"
\tMo\u017en\u00e1 si je\u0161t\u011b ze \u0161koly pamatujete, \u017ee d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1 informace neboli DNA je zabudov\u00e1na do chromozom\u016f, co\u017e jsou dvou\u0161roubovice, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed komplex s\u00a0proteiny. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fd druh je typick\u00fd jin\u00fd po\u010det chromozom\u016f. Lid\u00e9 jich maj\u00ed celkem 23 p\u00e1r\u016f. Jeden\u00e1ct p\u00e1r\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed chromozomy somatick\u00e9, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed spojitost s\u00a0pohlav\u00edm, a jeden p\u00e1r ur\u010duje pohlav\u00ed. Rozli\u0161ujeme pohlavn\u00ed chromozomy X a Y.
\tP\u0159i tvorb\u011b pohlavn\u00edch bun\u011bk neboli gamet prob\u00edh\u00e1 tzv. mei\u00f3za. D\u011blen\u00edm bu\u0148ky se do ka\u017ed\u00e9 gamety dostane jen polovina genov\u00e9 informace. Pohlavn\u00ed bu\u0148ky vznikaj\u00ed u \u017een ve vaje\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch a u mu\u017e\u016f ve varlatech. Splynut\u00edm obou vaj\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e9 nesou polovinu gen\u016f od matky a polovinu od otce, vznikne zygota, kter\u00e1 se d\u00e1l d\u011bl\u00ed. Pohlav\u00ed nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho organismu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, zda spermie, kter\u00e1 oplodnila vaj\u00ed\u010dko, nesla chromozom X nebo Y. V\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0n\u00e1s v\u00ed, \u017ee z chromozomu X vznikaj\u00ed hol\u010di\u010dky a z\u00a0Y chlapci.

\tVrozen\u00e9 vady
P\u0159i mei\u00f3ze ov\u0161em m\u016f\u017ee nastat chyba a vznikne gameta s\u00a0nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm po\u010dtem chromozom\u016f. A tak se m\u016f\u017ee narodit d\u00edt\u011b s\u00a0vrozenou vadou. P\u0159\u00edkladem je Down\u016fv syndrom. D\u011bti, kter\u00e9 se s\u00a0t\u00edmto syndromem narod\u00ed, jsou ment\u00e1ln\u011b retardovan\u00e9 a maj\u00ed vzhled charakteristick\u00fd pro tuto vadu. Na vin\u011b je jeden chromozom nav\u00edc. Tito lid\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inou ne\u017eij\u00ed dlouho a mohou trp\u011bt dal\u0161\u00edmi nemocemi. M\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd je Klinefelter\u016fv syndrom, kter\u00fd se objevuje u chlapc\u016f. Ti m\u00edvaj\u00ed jeden chromozom X nav\u00edc. Je to onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uje tvorbu testosteronu. P\u0159\u00edznakem t\u00e9to vrozen\u00e9 vady je d\u00edv\u010d\u00ed postava s\u00a0prsn\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u00ed a mal\u00fdmi vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi pohlavn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny. Ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed injek\u010dn\u011b pod\u00e1van\u00fd testosteron. Chlapci ale z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed po cel\u00fd \u017eivot neplodn\u00ed.
Vrozen\u00e9 vady tak\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed mutac\u00ed v\u00a0chromozomech. P\u0159\u00edkladem je fenylketonurie, kterou zp\u016fsobuje porucha metabolismu aminokyseliny fenylalaninu. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00edho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Cystick\u00e1 fibr\u00f3za je dal\u0161\u00edm typem vrozen\u00e9 vady. Ta postihuje \u017el\u00e1zy s\u00a0vnit\u0159n\u00ed sekrec\u00ed. Nav\u00edc se v\u00a0plic\u00edch vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed hlen, kter\u00fd vede k\u00a0d\u00fdchac\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm. Vrozen\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed vinou mutac\u00ed v\u00a0chromozomech je opravdu hodn\u011b a bohu\u017eel je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 tyto nemoci vyl\u00e9\u010dit. Zm\u00edrnit se daj\u00ed pouze p\u0159\u00edznaky.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.1\/5 - (7 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ach ty chromozomy","item":"https:\/\/www.ledeo.cz\/ach-ty-chromozomy\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]